International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering
Published by Chaoyang University of Technology

Aneke Frank Ikechukwu1*, Kennedy C. Onyelowe2

1Geotechnical and Materials Development Research Group (GMDRg) Civil Engineering Department, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4004, South Africa

2Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda

Download Citation: |
Download PDF


ABSTRACT

Waste utilization as an alternative for masonry bricks has proven to compensate for the dwindling natural construction materials particularly clay. Currently, South African municipalities are struggling to update their effective waste management techniques. Improper waste management is one of the major constraints affecting the natural environment due to the associated environmental waste pollution. This constraint fostered the motivation to the present study, which reported on the findings obtained from the masonry bricks produced from blends of recycled crushed glass (RCG) and fly ash (α-FA) with the inclusion of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at varying percentages. The masonry bricks were produced with 5%, 10%, and 15% inclusion of OPC to the combined weight of α-FA and RCG. The produced bricks rendered significant compression strength resistance compared to the fired clay bricks that are 3.8% higher on average. However, the compressive strength of all the produced bricks in this study satisfied the South African National Standard SANS 227 Code requirements (i.e., 7 MPa) for individual load-bearing masonry brick. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed that the identified void spaces within the microstructure of the brick specimens with 5% OPC were the major cause of the low strength resulting from the incomplete pozzolanic reaction. Also, the effects of sulphate salt were significantly resisted on the surface of all the tested bricks incorporating α-FA and RCG, due to the presents of aluminosilicates compounds that triggered pozzolanic reactions within the brick’s matrix. The stiffness of the investigated bricks portrayed brittle characteristics due to the developed strength after production. This revealed the existence of a great proportionality between the dynamic modulus and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) revealed a coefficient of determination (R2) equivalent to 90% because of the percentages of RCG particles.


Keywords: Masonry bricks, Dynamic modulus, Modulus of rupture, Waste, Sustainability.


Share this article with your colleagues

 


REFERENCES

  1. Aakash, D.P., Devendra, B.G. 2018. Engineering properties of clay bricks with the use of fly ash. Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. 03, 75–80 Google Scholar

  2. Al-Nu’man, B.S., Aziz, B.R., Abdulla, S.A., Khaleel, S.E. 2015. Compressive Strength Formula for Concrete using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol. IJETT 2015, 26, 8–13

  3. Aneke FI, Okonta FN and Ntuli F. 2015. Geotechnical Properties of Marginal Highway Backfill Stabilized with Activated Fly Ash Msc Thesis, Dep. Of Civil Eng. Sci. And Built Envir. University of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.

  4. Aneke, F.I., Awuzie, B. 2018. Conversion of industrial wastes into marginal construction materials, Acta Structilia, 25 2, 119–137, 10.18820/8820/24150487/as25i2.5

  5. Aneke, F.I., Shabangu, C. 2021. Green-efficient masonry bricks produced from scrap plastic waste and foundry sand, Case Studies in Construction Materials, Volume 14, 2021, e00515, ISSN 2214–5095, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00515

  6. Aneke, F. I, Shabangu, C. 2021. Strength and durability performance of masonry bricks produced with crushed glass and melted PET plastics, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 14, 2021, e00542, ISSN 2214–5095,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00542

  7. Aneke, F.I., Awuzie, B.O., Mostafa, M.M.H., Okorafor, C. 2021. Durability Assessment and Microstructure of High-Strength Performance Bricks Produced from PET Waste and Foundry Sand. Materials, 14, 5635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195635

  8. Aneke, F. I., Mostafa, M. H., and Moubarak, A. 2021. Resilient modulus and microstructure of unsaturated expansive subgrade stabilized with activated fly ash, International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 15, 915–938, 10.1080/19386362.2019.1656919

  9. Arati, S., Nagesh, H., Shashishankar, A. 2021. Experimental Studies on Fly Ash Based Lime Bricks, ISSN (Online): 4, 2347–2812.

  10. ASTM C20-00, Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000, www.astm.org

  11. ASTM C67, Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003, www.astm.org

  12. ASTM C597-16, Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity through Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016, www.astm.org

  13. ASTM D1140. Standard Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by Washing, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017, www.astm.org

  14. ASTM C1012 / C1012M-18b, Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018, www.astm.org

  15. ASTM C618-19, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019, www.astm.org

  16. ASTM C67 / C67M-20, Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020, www.astm.org

  17. ASTM C583-15, Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2021, www.astm.org

  18. Balksten, K., Strandberg-de Bruijn, P. 2021. Understanding Deterioration due to Salt and Ice Crystallization in Scandinavian Massive Brick Masonry. Heritage, 4, 349 ASTM C597-16, Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity through Concrete, ASTM 370. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010022

  19. Basha, S.H, Kaushik, H.B. 2014. Evaluation of nonlinear material properties of fly ash brick masonry under compression and shear. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. (ASCE) 27, 04014227.

  20. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). 2014. Economic value of South Africa’s waste (preliminary). A waste research, development, and innovation (RDI) roadmap for South Africa. 1, 11–12.

  21. EPA, Advancing Sustainable Materials Management:2017 Fact Sheet, 2019.

  22. Eskom, 2015. Eskom Integrated Report IR2015. www.eskom.co.za/IR2015, accessed October 2016.

  23. Eskom, 2016. Eskom Holdings Ash Strategy 2016–2020. Revision 7. Unpublished data.

  24. Fei, W., Huiyuan, B., Jun, Y., Yonghao, Z. Correlation of Dynamic and Static Elastic Parameters of Rock, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 21 1551–1560

  25. FEVE, Record collection of glass containers for recycling hits 76% in the EU.
    https://feve.org/record-collection-of-glass-containers-for-recycling-hits-76- in-the-eu/, 2019

  26. Franzoni, E., Gentilini, C., Graziani, G., Bandini, S. 2015. Compressive behaviour of brick masonry triplets in wet and dry conditions. Constr Build Mater 82, 45–52. (https://doi. org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.052)

  27. Eliche-Quesada, D., Sánchez-Martínez, J., Felipe-Sesé, M.A. 2019. Silica–Calcareous Non-Fired Bricks Made of Biomass Ash and Dust Filter from Gases Purification. Waste Biomass Valor 10, 417–431. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0056-1)

  28. Granneman, S.J.; Lubelli, B.; Van Hees, R.P. 2019. Mitigating salt damage in building materials by the use of crystallization modifiers—a review and outlook. J. Cult. Herit. 2019, 40, 183–194. [CrossRef]

  29. Hasan, M.R., Siddika, A., Akanda, M.P.A. 2021. Effects of waste glass addition on the physical and mechanical properties of brick. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 6, 36.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-020-00401-z

  30. Kaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada-Tata, P., Van- Woerden, F. 2018. What A Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050 (Urban Development Series) (Washington, DC: World Bank)  https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0

  31. Laven, S., Vosloo, M., Meyer-Douglas, S. 2016. Motivation for the Application for Exemption of Waste Management Activity Licences for Specific Uses of Pulverized Coal Fired Boiler Ash in Terms of GN R. 634. Zitholele Consulting Report 16005-41-Rep-001-Eskom Ash GN, R 634 Application-Rev2

  32. Liu, Y., Siang, B., Hu, Z., Yang, E. 2017. Autoclaved aerated concrete incorporating waste aluminium dust as a foaming agent,” Constr. Build. Mater., 148, 140–147.

  33. McCormac, J.C., Brown, R.H. 2015. Design of Reinforced Concrete, Wiley, Hoboken, 2015

  34. Naik, N., Bahadure, B., Jejurkar, C. 2014. Strength and durability of Fly ash, cement and gypsum bricks, Int. J. Comput. Eng. Res. 4, 1–4.

  35. Prabhat, K. S., Rohit, K., Satya, P.D., 2019. Study of Compressive Strength of Fly-SH Brick, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 08.

  36. Pravez, A., Davinder, S., Sanjeev, K. 2021. Incinerated municipal solid waste bottom ash bricks: A sustainable and cost-efficient building material, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, ISSN 2214-7853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.346

  37. SANS 227:2007 and SANS 1 575. 2007. the South African National Standard for burnt clay paving units, ISBN 978-0-626-19745-2

  38. Safeer, A., Muhammad, A. S., Syed, M.S. K., Muhammad, J. M. 2017. Production of sustainable clay bricks using waste fly ash: Mechanical and durability properties, Journal of Building Engineering, 14, 7–14, ISSN 2352-7102,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.09.008.

  39. Sarkar, N., Faris, A. 2019. Mechanical properties of clay masonry units: Destructive and ultrasonic testing, Construction and Building Materials, 219, 2019, 111–120, ISSN 0950-0618, (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.166)

  40. Shaqour, E.N., Abo Alela, A.H. and Rsheed, A.A. 2021. Improved fired clay brick compressive strength by recycling wastes of blacksmiths’ workshops. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 68, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-021-00002-2

  41. Stefanidou, M., Papayianni, I., Pachta, V. 2015. Analysis and characterization of Roman and Byzantine fired bricks from Greece. Mater Struct 48, 2251–2260.  https://doi.org/10. 1617/s11527-014-0306-7

  42. Sufian, M.; Ullah, S.; Ostrowski, K.A.; Ahmad, A.; Zia, A.; Śliwa-Wieczorek, K.; Siddiq, M.; Awan, A.A. 2021. An Experimental and Empirical Study on the Use of Waste Marble Powder in Construction Material. Materials, 14, 3829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143829

  43. Sutas, J., Mana, E., Arpapan, S., Watcharakhon, N. 2018. Effect of bagasse and bagasse ash levels on properties of pottery products, Heliyon, 4, e00814, ISSN 2405-8440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00814

  44. Syed, M.S.K., Safeer, A., Muhammad, A. S, Muhammad, J. M., Anwar, K. 2016. Manufacturing of sustainable clay bricks: Utilization of waste sugarcane bagasse and rice husk ashes, Construction and Building Materials, 120, 29–41, ISSN 0950-0618,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.084

  45. Ukwatta, A., Mohajerani, A., Eshtiaghi, N., Setunge, S. 2016. Variation in physical and mechanical properties of fired-clay bricks incorporating ETP biosolids, J. Clean. Prod. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.094

  46. Velasco, P., Ortiz, M., Giro, M., Velasco. L. 2014. Fired clay bricks manufactured by adding wastes as sustainable construction material – a review, Constr. Build. Mater. 63 (2014) 97–107.

  47. Yehia S, El-Didamony, and M., Elsayed, T. 2017. Low-cost housing in Egypt by using stabilized soil bricks. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science 3, 154–165  https://doi.org/10.24001/ijcmes.3.3.1

  48. Yongue-Fouateu. R, Ndimukong, F., Njoya, A., Kunyukubundo, F., Mbih, P.K. 2016. The Ndop plain clayey materials (Bamenda area-NW Cameroon): Mineralogical, geochemical, physical characteristics and properties of their fired products, J. Asian Ceram. Soc. 4, 299–308. 10.1016/ j. jascer.2016.05.008

  49. Yu, J.-H., Park, J.-H. Compressive and Diagonal Tension Strengths of Masonry Prisms Strengthened with Amorphous Steel Fiber-Reinforced Mortar Overlay. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5974. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11135974


ARTICLE INFORMATION

Received: 2021-05-20
Revised: 2021-10-13
Accepted: 2021-12-13
Available Online: 2022-03-01


Cite this article:

Ikechukwu, A.F. ,Kennedy C. Onyelowe. 2022. Environmental Sustainability of Fly Ash and Recycled Crushed Glass Blends: An Alternative to Natural Clay for Masonry Bricks Production. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 19, 2021147. https://doi.org/10.6703/IJASE.202203_19(1).007

  Copyright The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.

Other people also read ...

doaj logo

 

2.3
2022CiteScore
 
 
48th percentile
Powered by  Scopus
 
 

SCImago Journal & Country Rank

IJASE - Most Read Articles

IJASE - Most popular articles