Elizabeth Jayex Panakkal 1, Yu-Shen Cheng 2, Kuan-Shiong Khoo 3, Pau-Loke Show 4, Prapakorn Tantayotai 5, Malinee Sriariyanun 1*

1 Biorefinery and Process Automation Engineering Center, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand   

2 Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Yunlin, Taiwan

3 Algal Bioseparation Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

5 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand

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ABSTRACT

2-Phenylethanol (2-PE), a valuable flavor compound with high market demand, can be produced from readily available lignocellulosic biomass. This study explored the potential of Napier grass, a fast-growing energy crop, as a substrate for 2-PE production. Napier grass was pretreated using three different deep eutectic solvents (DES) formulated with choline chloride (ChCl) combined with lactic acid (LA), glycerol (Gly), or urea (Urea). DES pretreatment partially removed hemicellulose and increased cellulose content (up to 40%) in the biomass. Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis revealed the highest glucose yield, from ChCl/LA pretreated biomass, almost 25% more than the native biomass. Fermentation optimization for temperature and nitrogen content identified strain-specific optimal conditions for 2-PE and ethanol production using two non-conventional yeasts, Kluyveromyces marxianus and Pichia kudriavzevii. Notably, ChCl/Gly pretreated biomass with P. kudriavzevii produced the highest 2-PE yield (510.51 ppm) alongside significant ethanol production (30.63 g/L). This study paves the way for a more sustainable approach to producing 2-PE, a valuable flavor compound, using readily available biomass and non-conventional yeasts.


Keywords: Biomass, Deep eutectic solvent, Pretreatment, 2-Phenylethanol, Volatile compounds, Value-added chemicals.


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ARTICLE INFORMATION

Received: 2024-08-30
Revised: 2024-09-20
Accepted: 2024-11-25
Available Online: 2024-12-30


Cite this article:

Panakkal, E.J., Cheng, Y.S.,  Khoo, K.S., Show, P.L., Tantayotai, P.,  Sriariyanun, M. 2024. Bioconversion of Napier grass to 2-phenylethanol: unveiling the synergy of pretreatment with deep eutectic solvents and yeasts. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 21, 2024316. https://doi.org/10.6703/IJASE.202412_21(5).006

  Copyright The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.

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