International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering
Published by Chaoyang University of Technology

S. Selvaraj 1*, A. Ram Kumar 2, A. S. Vickram 2, G. P. Sheeja Mol 3, M. Thirunavukkarasu 4, Mohanraj Kumar 5*

1Department of Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

2Department Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

3Department of Physics, St. Xavier’s College, Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

4Department of Physics, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R and D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

5Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan

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ABSTRACT

Prifinium bromide (PB) was analyzed by experimentally and theoretically. The N3-C7 and C6-C7 bonds exceeded standard values due to hyperconjugation, and steric strain. A potential energy surface scan examined dihedral angles ϕ₁ (N3-C22-C23-H51) and ϕ₂ (C7-N3-C22-C23) to assess conformational stability. Vibrational spectra identified key stretching and deformation modes for C-N, C-H, C-C, CH₂, and CH₃ groups. Carbon and proton chemical shifts confirmed the molecular structure with strong correlation between experimental and theoretical values. Theoretical electronic spectra revealed six transitions (482–382 nm), with the most intense absorption at 473 nm (f = 0.0160) corresponding to the H-2 → L (99%) transition, along with the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energy gap was 3.0501 eV. The most significant stabilization occurs during the π-π* transition from π(C20-C21) to π*(C16-C17) with an energy of 20.75 kJ/mol, while the quaternary nitrogen (-0.38751 e) accumulates electron density, and the bromine
(-0.81746 e) exhibits strong electronegativity and electron withdrawing effects. PB did not meet Muegge’s rule, and its bioavailability score of 0.55 indicates moderate oral absorption, though poor solubility and low GI absorption may limit systemic exposure. Topological analyses were performed to highlight localized, delocalized, and weak interactions of PB. Molecular docking confirmed PB's anticholinergic potential, showing a binding affinity of -8.6 kcal/mol with the 5ZKC M2 muscarinic receptor.


Keywords: Chemical shifts, DFT, Molecular docking, Topological analysis, Vibrational spectra.


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ARTICLE INFORMATION

Received: 2024-12-26
Revised: 2025-03-13
Accepted: 2025-03-30
Available Online: 2025-04-29


Cite this article:

S, S., A, R.K., A, S.V., G, P.S.M., M, T., Kumar, M. 2025. Experimental and theoretical investigations of prifinium bromide: structural insights, spectroscopic features, topological aspects, and biological properties. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 22, 2024237.https://doi.org/10.6703/IJASE.202503_22(1).005

  Copyright The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.

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